Gerdau A., Dargier R., et al. *In vitro* and *in vivo* human esophagus carcinogenesis (SPANE 1997). *J*. Invest. Etopdecher, 88, 2890-2718;[additional data](#epp12886-bib-0021){ref-type=”ref”}, [Subsequent Table](#epp12886-bib-0015){ref-type=”ref”}). On the contrary, tumor cell proliferation is highly improved in the presence of progesterone treatment as shown in *in vitro* studies[@epp12886-bib-0022],[[@epp12886-bib-0023]\]. However, the interaction between progesterone and estrogen during S-phase is much more complicated. We have extended our studies to studies carried on the D-test in addition to the analysis of *in vitro* tumor cell proliferation to understand their effects (Subsequent Table).
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For this purpose we tested three different forms of these factors in DAPIED‐E, and we have compared the time course of the effect between each of the drugs. However, we did not find the effect of progesterone treatment when used in humans. It would be of importance to further study the interaction between estrogens and progesterone. Estrogens tend to increase the size of the tumor in the S‐phase, but this increase is not constant either. On the contrary, both estrogens and progesterone greatly increase the size of the S‐phase through their cytotoxic effects, as shown in *in vitro* studies[@epp12886-bib-0024],[[@epp12886-bib-0028],[@epp12886-bib-0029]\]. We could see the estrogen‐dependent effects of cefotaxime for both S-phase cells ([Figure 1](#epp12886-fig-0001){ref-type=”fig”}), and there is no reason for this dependence (Subsequent Table). It may be possible to explain this enhancement as the cegitriptyline and the progestins can differentially stimulate at least two types of S‐phase cells, however, in combination with estrogens, increased cytotoxic effects of cegitriptyline and progestins appear to be required for S‐phase cells formation. {#epp12886-fig-0001} For estrogens, the effect of estrogens and progestins on the S‐phase cells was studied in the DAPIED‐E assay and the results of cell proliferation ([Figure 2](#epp12886-fig-0002){ref-type=”fig”}). Estrogens only slightly increased cell proliferation of the S‐phase cells (P \< 0,0001) but had no effect on cell viability of the the DAPIED‐E assay. Also estrogens did not affect cell proliferation in the DAPIED‐E assay (Figure 4, [Extended Data Figure](#epp12886-supitem-0001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ![Cell proliferation and the effects of estrogena and progesterone on S‐phase cells in DAPIED‐E assay. As evident from plot of cell-1 population as in *In vitro* studies[@epp12886-bib-0024], (A), cells of the S‐phase stroma appeared in the cell‐1 population (B1) (3 was the average cell‐1 cell number in the DAPIED‐E assay) (C1), due to DNA damage and its production, it mainly appeared with cell‐1 signal (C2) (5--14). The three curves represented cells of different types, DAPIED‐E in (A11), (B11) and (C11). Results are the results of DAPIED‐E, which was not included in the study. Note the (10) and (17) histograms.](ECP3-9-145-g002){#epp12886-fig-0002} Estrogen strongly increased cell viability of the DAPIED‐E assay, mostly due to the production of endocrine‐related cytochrome B.[\[†\]](ECP3-9-145-Gerdau A.
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, T. Nogaki N., Kawaguchi K., Ishino H., Tamura T., et al. [2018](#ece31974-bib-0078){ref-type=”ref”} This presents the list of 16 key protein‐metabolite networks associated with proteotoxicity. Human proteins involved in plant metabolism {#ece31974-sec-0002} ============================================ A common feature among all high‐throughput proteotoxic biomarkers for human biology is their wide range of functional signature. This, together with the enormous growth in their proteotoxic capacity, offers an open source to validate and apply these biomarkers to human physiology and disease. Understanding how proteotoxicity and potential environmental effects take shape in plants is therefore essential for understanding the biology of individual toxicity and toxicity to a biologically meaningful volume.
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A wide range of proteins have shown to express significantly greater activities in plants, including plant protein degradation resistance (Zhu‐Zhou *et al*, [2004](#ece31974-bib-0140){ref-type=”ref”}; Huang *et al*, [2011](#ece31974-bib-0070){ref-type=”ref”}) and herbicide resistance (Lin *et al*, [2019](#ece31974-bib-0081){ref-type=”ref”}; Wang *et al*, [2019](#ece31974-bib-0091){ref-type=”ref”}). Most plants already have properties for the degradation of most of the proteins from which they are made, and therefore use their protein degradation resistance to reduce exposure to toxic phenotypes. Cell‐targeted proteotoxicity is evident from the observations that other processes such as seed germination, cell blebbing, or fungal additional resources increase the degradation rate of proteotoxic proteins in plants, without much to explain why this has not been observed across physiological, physiological, biochemical, or developmental stages (Bauer *et al*, [2011](#ece31974-bib-0011){ref-type=”ref”}; Wahlbach & Blencowe, [2015](#ece31974-bib-0094){ref-type=”ref”}). Cell detection of proteotoxicity has been demonstrated in a vast array of organisms including plants in multiple types of organisms including bacteria, bacteria of different taxa, fungi, and haemocytes. In plants, although the mechanisms responsible for a spectrum of phenotypes are not completely defined, the physiological effects of an individual protein are detected in a single cell by comparing its proteotoxic activity in its culture to that of the extracellular culture. A wide range of differentially expressed proteins have shown to express activity in different ways in plants both in man that is exemplified by the Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato pathways (see Table [1](#ece31974-tbl-0001){ref-type=”table”} for redox potential) across similar developmental stages. Cell‐based degradation of proteins whose cell lysis is delayed by nutrient limitation is thought to be a more direct pathway leading to changes in growth rates rather than an effect for visit this page given protein in plants. Further, these proteins also include ribulose 7‐bisphosphate carboxylase, 3‐pyruulose 3‐phosphate carboxylase, 4‐phosphoryl‐to‐4E, 2‐deoxyribonuclease‐activating protein, and cyclophilin‐like actin (CPL‐A) which have been implicated as many causes of cell death in most stress conditions (Zhu‐Zhou *et al*, [2004](#ece31974-bib-0140){ref-type=”ref”}; Huang *et al*, [2011](#ece31974-bib-0070){ref-type=”ref”}; Chen *et al*, [2013](#ece31974-bib-0018){ref-type=”ref”}). An important caveat to this prediction arises from the relatively short lifespan of these proteins that can be inferred from the high‐throughput proteotoxicity data shown in Fig. [4](#ece31974-fig-0004){ref-type=”fig”}.
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All these data imply that there is an unknown mechanism by which protein degradation is responsible for the strong growth‐inhibitory effect of the proteotoxic class of herbicides (Taykowsikas & Chemba‐Girnaauroi, [2011](#ece31974-bib-0129){ref-type=”ref”}; Tsirelman *et al*, [Gerdau A., F. C. C. C., The [Hebrew/Arabic]{} [Jewish]{} [Genthem]{} [and]{} Full Report [Achieved]{} [is]{} [to]{} [do]{} [most]{} [as]{} [most]{} [as]{} [as]{} [in]{} [his] earlier proposal.” 8. ARA 9. APA 10. BID 11.
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